Below are selected applications of photocatalytic pollutant decomposition processes on titanium oxide:
1. Self-cleaning surfaces: for the production of glass for spotlights, traffic lights, car mirrors, window panes, for road paints, for covering sound-absorbing screens and tunnel walls.
2. Air cleaning and odor removal: filters that are used in enclosed spaces (e.g. public toilets) or filters for air-conditioning equipment.
3. Water treatment: groundwater treatment installations, water purification installations in the intakes of drinking water from rivers.
4. Self-disinfecting materials: towels, linings, clothing, equipment in hospitals, wall surfaces of operating rooms.
5. Removal of lesions: anti-cancer therapy.

In a 2022 study published in the Journal of Hazardous Materials, scientists wanted to examine the effects of titanium dioxide as a food additive on atherosclerosis in mice. (Atherosclerosis refers to a hardening of the arteries.) Researchers fed mice 40 mg/kg of the food additive every day for 4 months, and found that it not only altered gut microbiota but also led to a significantly increased atherosclerotic lesion area, especially in animals that consumed a high-choline western diet (HCD).

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In 2022, a year after the EFSA recommended against the use of E171, the Food Standards Australia New Zealand (FSANZ) conducted its own reassessment of titanium dioxide as a food additive. The agency concluded that titanium dioxide was indeed safe to use as a food additive. The United Kingdom and Canada came to similar conclusions.

Stability and darkening[edit]

Abbreviations

In some studies, E171 was given to animals in drinking water without the stabilizers that keep E171 suspended in the liquid. Without stabilizers, E171 can settle and prevent the ingredient from combining with surrounding ingredients.

Lithopone

Titanium dioxide manufacturer: Billions

As a food additive, titanium dioxide and its nanoparticles in particular have been associated with DNA damage and cell mutations, which in turn, have potential to cause cancer. When used as a food coloring, it is known as E171.

You can find more information about EFSA’s work in the area of food additives on our website

Historically, the first mentions of zinc sulfide being utilized as a pigment were approximately sixty years before the everyday use of lithopone. Originally, it was thought to be appropriate for coloring rubber. In England, a patent was granted for this process. Two decades after this, the focus shifted to zinc sulfide as a suitable pigment for paint. The year 1874 witnessed the patenting of a manufacturing process for a novel white pigment composed of zinc sulfide and barium sulfate. Dubbed Charlton white or Orr’s white enamel, this began a new era for white pigments.